Documentation · 04

Ballistics Inputs & the Solver

Every input the solver reads, what happens when one is blank, the drag models and effects it applies, the limits it enforces, and the confidence flags it raises. The reference behind the Ballistics tab, Range Day, the Target Card, and the watch.

LoadOut 1.1·Updated September 2026

Documentation
  1. 01Platforms & Requirements
  2. 02Free vs Pro
  3. 03Units & Conventions
  4. 04Ballistics Inputs & the Solver
  5. 05Data Model
  6. 06Device Support
  7. 07File Formats & Sharing
  8. 08Reference Catalogs & Attribution
  9. 09Privacy Reference
  10. 10Siri Voice Command Reference
  11. 11Companion Watch Reference
  12. 12Glossary
On this page

LoadOut solves the whole flight of the bullet every time an input changes. Nothing is a lookup table, nothing is interpolated from a chart, and nothing is assumed: an input the solver needs and does not have stops the solution and is named on screen.

The LoadOut solver pipeline Projectile, muzzle and environment inputs feed a modified point-mass solver, which produces a solution, DOPE table, target card, reticle holds and analytics, each carrying confidence flags. INPUTS Projectile weightdiameterballistic coefficientlength Muzzle muzzle velocityzero rangesight height Environment temperaturestation pressurehumidityaltitudewind speed and direction SOLVER Modified Point-Mass Solver G1 · G2 · G5 · G6 · G7 · G8 drag tables · measured custom drag curves spin drift · Coriolis · aerodynamic jump · powder temperature OUTPUTS Solution DOPE Table Target Card Reticle Holds Analytics CONFIDENCE FLAGS transonic · subsonic · beyond validated range
Inputs in three groups feed one solver; the same solution is rendered as the Solution view, the DOPE table, the Target Card, the reticle holds, and the analytics.

The solver

Model
Modified Point-Mass: the bullet's motion under gravity, drag, and the small lateral effects, integrated step by step.
Integration
An adaptive Runge-Kutta scheme that shortens its step wherever the flight changes quickly and lengthens it where it does not, so a 3,000 yd solve is as careful near the muzzle as a 300 yd one.
Drag
The six standard drag tables, G1, G2, G5, G6, G7, and G8, and measured custom drag curves on the bullets that ship with one. Curves are interpolated with a shape-preserving method, so a measured point is honoured exactly and nothing is invented between points.
Effects
Spin drift, the Coriolis correction, aerodynamic jump, powder temperature sensitivity, incline, and cant.
Atmosphere
Density from temperature, station pressure, humidity, and altitude, or from the ICAO standard atmosphere when you enter nothing.
Validation
The solver is checked against a corpus of published reference trajectories and closed-form cases in the app's own test suite; a change to the math must reproduce the references, never the other way around.
Range
Solved to 3,500 yd (about 3,200 m). Flagged past about 2,500 yd as projected beyond the validated range, and flagged wherever the bullet is transonic or subsonic.

Inputs

Inputs come in three groups. The first two have no defaults beyond the four disclosed starting values below; a blank field stops the solution and is named on the "Can't compute firing solution yet" card. Environment fields fall back to the standard atmosphere, and the solution says so.

InputGroupUnitIf blank
Bullet WeightProjectilegr / gNo solution; named on the card
Bullet DiameterProjectilein / mmNo solution; named on the card
Ballistic Coefficient, with its drag modelProjectileNo solution; a catalog coefficient LoadOut could not source is withdrawn rather than used, and the card says why
Bullet LengthProjectilein / mmSpin drift is left out, and the solution says "Spin drift not included. Add this bullet's length (OAL) to compute it."
Muzzle VelocityMuzzlefps / m/sNo solution; named on the card
Zero RangeMuzzleyd / mStarts at 100 yd on a new firearm, disclosed as a starting default
Sight HeightMuzzlein / mmStarts at 2.0 in on a new firearm, disclosed as a starting default
TemperatureEnvironment°F / °C59 °F, the standard atmosphere, disclosed
Station PressureEnvironmentinHg / hPa29.92 inHg, the standard atmosphere, disclosed
HumidityEnvironment%The standard atmosphere, disclosed
Station AltitudeEnvironmentft / mSea level, the standard atmosphere, disclosed
Wind speed and directionEnvironmentmph / km/hNo wind. The solver never invents a breeze
Twist RateAdvanced1:inSpin drift and the stability check are left out and labelled
Twist DirectionAdvancedRight / LeftStarts at Right, disclosed as a starting default until you set it
InclineAdvanced°Level
Powder Temperature Sensitivity and Reference TemperatureAdvancedfps per °F / °CNo temperature correction to muzzle velocity
Latitude and Firing AzimuthAdvanced°The Coriolis correction is left out and labelled
Zero Temperature, Zero Station Pressure, Zero HumidityZero conditionsas aboveThe zero is assumed to have been shot in the current conditions

The standard atmosphere

When every environment field is blank, the solver uses the ICAO standard atmosphere: 59 °F, 29.92 inHg of station pressure, dry air, at sea level. Every surface that shows a solution then says "Using ICAO standard atmosphere" for as long as that is true: the Ballistics tab, the Target Card, Range Day, the Hit Probability Map, True DOPE, Full Analytics, the exported DOPE table, and Match Day. Density altitude is never typed; LoadOut works it out from the four environment values and shows it beside them.

Drag models

ModelReference shapeUse it for
G1Flat-base, the classic Ingalls standardMost published coefficients; flat-base and short-boat-tail bullets
G2Aberdeen J projectileRarely published; some military profiles
G5Short boat-tailShort boat-tail bullets
G6Long flat-baseLong flat-base bullets
G7Long boat-tail, very-low-dragModern match and long-range bullets; the coefficient most makers publish beside G1
G8Very long flat-baseLong flat-base bullets
Measured curveThe bullet itself295 bullets ship with a measured drag-coefficient-versus-Mach curve, applied automatically when you pick one; it replaces the table and the coefficient

A coefficient is only meaningful with its model: the same bullet's G7 value is roughly half its G1 value. LoadOut stores the two together and never mixes them.

Effects

Spin drift
The lateral drift from the bullet's spin. Needs the twist rate, the twist direction, and the bullet's length; without the length it is omitted and the solution says so.
Coriolis
The correction for the Earth's rotation, from your latitude and firing azimuth. Off until both are entered.
Aerodynamic jump
The vertical deflection a crosswind causes at the muzzle, computed with the wind.
Powder temperature
Muzzle velocity adjusted from your powder's sensitivity and the difference between today's temperature and the reference temperature you recorded it at.
Incline
The shortened gravity drop on an uphill or downhill shot.
Cant
On Range Day, the phone's own sensors read the rifle's cant and the solution can correct for it; the read-out warns past two degrees.

Spin drift and Coriolis can be switched off under Settings Ballistics & Range Day. When either is off, every place it would have appeared says so rather than silently showing a smaller number.

Truing

True DOPE fits the solver to what your rifle actually did, and it is free. Three methods, each correcting a different thing:

MethodWhat it correctsWhen to use it
Muzzle VelocityThe speed the bullet left withYour drop is off by the same proportion everywhere, or you have no chronograph
Drag ScaleOne factor across the whole drag curveDrop is right up close and drifts with distance
DSF TableA drag factor per Mach band instead of one numberLong-range work where a single factor cannot fit both the supersonic and transonic regions

Each can be cleared separately: Clear Muzzle Velocity, Clear Drag Scale, Clear DSF Table. Recording a factory box's published velocity on a profile clears any truing you had fitted, because a published velocity comes off the maker's test barrel, and your rifle is not that barrel.

Confidence flags

The solver reports how much it trusts each row, and the words are the app's own:

Supersonic
"The bullet is still above the transonic zone (~Mach 1.2) at this range, so the solution is high-confidence here."
Transonic
"Near ~Mach 1.2 the drag is least predictable, so the solution is lower-confidence here. Verify against real dope."
Subsonic
"Below ~Mach 1 the solution is lower-confidence. Verify against real dope."
Beyond the validated range
Past about 2,500 yd a row is flagged as solver-projected rather than validated against a reference trajectory.
Beyond the modeled range
A distance the load does not reach reads "past LoadOut's modeled range for this load", and a card row the solver cannot fill reads as dashes, never as a zero.

The flags are per bullet, never a fixed distance: a .308 match load goes transonic near 1,000 yd, a high-coefficient magnum stays supersonic past 2,500. A measured drag curve relaxes the transonic flag, because the curve was measured through that band.

Limits

Maximum distance
3,500 yd. Typing a longer target distance is refused rather than silently substituted; a profile saved before the cap with a longer table opens with the table lowered to it.
Group capability
The Hit Probability Map, Full Analytics, and Range Day's Shooter Capability start from a 1.0 MOA group, disclosed on the card as a starting default until you enter your own; the starting value is never stored as if you had stated it.
Uncertainty
The Hit Probability Map takes your range and wind uncertainty as inputs and draws the resulting spread on the target; a row the dispersion model cannot solve, usually a transonic or subsonic one, says so instead of drawing.

Outputs

OutputWhereWhat it holds
SolutionBallistics › Solution; Range Day; the watchElevation and windage to dial or hold at one distance, with the confidence flag and the environment source
DOPE tableBallistics › DOPE; the watch; exportEvery distance in your ladder, with drop, wind, velocity, energy, and time of flight
Target CardBallistics › Target Card; Range Day; the watchA plan across a string of targets, with the turret carried between them
Reticle holdsBallistics › Reticle; the scope viewThe same holds drawn on your reticle
AnalyticsBallistics › Analytics; Full Analytics (Pro)Transonic and subsonic distance, maximum point-blank range for an 8-inch vital zone, the energy threshold, maximum ordinate, time of flight, spin drift, Coriolis, and the velocity and energy curves
Hit probabilityHit Probability Map (Pro)The probability of a hit at any distance from your group size, range uncertainty, and wind uncertainty

The Internal Ballistics Estimator

A separate, Pro tool under Tools & Resources that estimates muzzle velocity and peak chamber pressure for a hypothetical load from case capacity, the powder's relative quickness, charge weight, bullet weight, diameter, and overall length, and barrel length. It is a mobile estimator, not a pressure-testing instrument, and the app says so on every visit with a banner that cannot be dismissed:

Estimation Tool — Not a Load-Data Substitute

Always verify against a published manual. The predicted peak pressure tends to read LOW. Treat it as a floor, not headroom; your actual peak is likely higher. Never add powder or exceed a published max because a prediction sits below it.

Across its test corpus the estimate lands within about 10 percent on velocity and 15 percent on pressure. It applies cleanly between 10 and 110 percent loading density, and it warns on the cases that push it outside its calibrated band: a dual-category magnum-pistol powder, a low loading density, and a very slow powder, each with its own advisory. An unknown powder returns nothing rather than a substitute.

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